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Differential gene expression in chicken primary B cells infected ex vivo with attenuated and very virulent strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) belongs to the family Birnaviridae and is economically important to the poultry industry worldwide. IBDV infects B cells in the bursa of Fabricius (BF), causing immunosuppression and morbidity in young chickens. In addition to strains that cause classical Gumboro disease, the so-called ‘very virulent’ (vv) strain, also in circulation, causes more severe disease and increased mortality. IBDV has traditionally been controlled through the use of live attenuated vaccines, with attenuation resulting from serial passage in non-lymphoid cells.

Replication defective adenovirus serotype 5 expressing Marek’s disease virus envelope glycoprotein as a potential Marek’s disease vaccine in chicken

The protective efficacy of a non-replicating Adenovirus serotype 5, expressing the immunogenic envelope glycoprotein B (Ad5-gB) of Marek’s disease virus, was investigated in a vaccine-challenge model for Marek’s disease in experimental chickens. In ovo vaccination with Ad5-gB, with or without a second vaccination posthatch, was compared with pCVI988 (a clone of the gold-standard CVI988 Marek’s disease vaccine). In ovo vaccination with Ad5-gB, without the second vaccination, gave a protective index of 37.5%, but did not reduce replication, shedding or transmission of virulent virus.

Real-time PCR for differential quantification of CVI988 vaccine virus and virulent strains of Marek’s disease virus

CVI988/Rispens vaccine, the ‘gold standard’ vaccine against Marek’s disease in poultry, is not easily distinguishable from virulent strains of Marek’s disease herpesvirus (MDV). Accurate differential measurement of CVI988 and virulent MDV is commercially important to confirm successful vaccination, to diagnose Marek’s disease, and to investigate causes of vaccine failure.

Marek's disease virus undergoes complete morphogenesis after reactivation in T-lymphoblastoid cell line transformed by recombinant fluorescent marker virus

T-lymphocytes are central targets of Marek's disease, a major chicken disease induced by the oncogenic alphaherpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV). T-lymphocyte infection is also associated with immunosuppression and virus latency. To decipher viral morphogenesis in T-lymphocytes, we used the recombinant vRB-1B 47EGFP marker virus to generate a new lymphoblastoid cell line, 3867K, that exhibited typical properties of other MDV-transformed chicken cell lines in term of cell markers, reactivation rate and infectivity.

Avian leukosis virus subgroup J induces VEGF expression via NF-kappaB/PI3K-dependent IL-6 production

Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is an oncogenic virus causing hemangiomas and myeloid tumors in chickens. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory interleukin involved in many types of cancer. We previously demonstrated that IL-6 expression was induced following ALV-J infection in chickens. The aim of this study is to characterize the mechanism by which ALV-J induces IL-6 expression, and the role of IL-6 in tumor development.

Influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein prolongs viral shedding in chickens lengthening the transmission window

Avian influenza is a significant economic burden on the poultry industry in geographical regions where it is enzootic. It also poses a public health concern when avian influenza subtypes infect humans, often with high mortality. Understanding viral genetic factors which positively contribute to influenza A virus (IAV) fitness – infectivity, spread and pathogenesis – is of great importance both for human and livestock health. PB1-F2 is a small accessory protein encoded by IAV and in mammalian hosts has been implicated in a wide range of functions that contribute to increased pathogenesis.

Infectivity of wild bird origin avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 and vaccine effectiveness in chickens

Newcastle disease virus, a prototype avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), causes economically devastating disease in avian species around the world. Newcastle disease is enzootic in Pakistan and recurrent outbreaks are frequent in multiple avian species even after continuous and extensive use of vaccines. A number of APMV-1 and pigeon paramyxovirus serotype 1 (PPMV-1) strains have been isolated and genetically characterized in recent years.

Targeted editing of avian herpesvirus vaccine vector using CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease


Herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) is an avian alphaherpesvirus used as live vaccine against Marek's disease for more than 40 years. Here, we describe the application of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing as a rapid and efficient method of introducing targeted mutations to the genome of a live herpesvirus vaccine vector using a transfection-infection system.

Avian Leukosis Virus

The leukosis/sarcoma (L/S) group of diseases encompasses a variety of transmissible benign and malignant neoplasms of chickens caused by members of the family Retroviridae [1]. The term “leukosis” embraces several different leukemia like proliferative diseases of the cells of the hemopoietic system due to avian leukosis virus (ALV), with an undertone that a leukemic blood picture is not always present [2,3].

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